The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open Society. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, and as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘social institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions and decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of political power; but Popper did not discuss the structure and inter-relations of the social institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open and closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority and leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical and rational approach and his insistence on openness and intellectual honesty are still important today.

In this article, the less known aspect of Malek al Shoara Mohammad Taghi Bahar, contemporary great and famous Iranian poet, namely his political life in both theory and action, would be considered. His active membership and leadership in Democratic parties of constitutional era and 1940s decade parties, two lesser parties of Azadi (Freedom) belong to Ahmad Qavam (Qavam al Saltana) and Hassan Arsanjani, his representative as member of parliament in the third to sixth Iranian national assemblies, short long presence in the cabinet of Qavam as minister of culture, and other actions and activities in politics and political parties as well as his political and social thinking would be studied in the article. Although Bahar was an idealist poet, his political thought and activities were realistic and concentrated on realism and national interest. Political theory of Bahar and his focus on political realism and active support of national interest, in this analysis, has been deduced through his idea and articles in journals as well as his famous book named a brief history of political parties or decline of Qajar dynasty.

Fereidon Tavallalli was one of the early enthusiasts of Nima Yooshij's innovations in Persian poetry. Tavallali was known as a semi-traditional Romantic poet in contemporary Persian poetry. In addition to his continuous political and social activities, he, as a poet and critic, sought to elaborate and explain his preferred type of poetry. Moreover, some of his poetry collections were accompanied by his introductions and notes. Tavallali's extended introduction to his Raha poetry collection was kind of the Romantic poets’ manifesto in which he acknowledged and defended new poetry and criticized old-fashioned poets and literary associations of that period. In his Raha collection, one can observe political and social poems besides the romantic verses. In the same collection, the poem: Fardaye Enghelab (The Tomorrow of Revolution) is the most famous. The present study's main goal is to examine Fardaye Enghelab according to the ideological square method and analyze the measures taken by the Tudeh-Party-affiliated poet to advance his party goals. The findings of the current study indicated that the poet mostly focused on reinforcing his strength and undermining others’ strong points. Also, he paid scant attention to his weak points and those of others. Moreover, according to this study’s findings, one can extend the four sides of the ideological square method by adding another two sides, that is, the political and social behavior of the poet in describing self and non-self forces under the six sides, thereby improving the ideological square method.

Sultan Ibrahim Mirza (April 1540- February 1577) was the son of Bahram Mirza and the grandson of Ismail I. His father, Bahram Mirza, was the youngest son of Ismail I and along with Shah Tahmasp I, had two other brothers named Elqas Mirza and Saam Mirza (the author of Tohfe-ye Saami). Around 1562, he was appointed the governor of Mashhad and kept the position for the rest of his life. The present paper attempts to introduce his Poem (regarding the Edit of manuscripts) and have a look at his art of poetry. The only remaining work of his is a poem is registered and being kept in the library of Kakhe Golestan under the entry number 2183 and line number 139 with its pages 337 to 340 of the first volume in the section assigned for Poems under the name Djahi Poem (the poet's pen name). According to some scholars, his Poem included some 3000 verses (Khulasat al-Tavarikh, p 110). The Poem available now has 993 verses 859 of which are in Persian and the rest are in Turkish. It includes a prose introduction, 8 odes, 90 sonnets and 58 quatrains along with some Turkish poems. This Poem is collected by Sultan Ibrahim Mirza's daughter, Lady Goharshad, in 1581, five years after her father was killed by Ismail II. This selection is extracted and compiled from among all his poems by his daughter and her poetic taste. His poems are abundent with praising prominent figures in Islam and Shiite including the holy prophet, Muhammad (PBUH), Imam Hussain (PBUH) and Imam Reza (PBUH), orientating on events, caring about the beloved, mystic concepts, historical points and vainglory. His poetry is simple, fluent and effective.

Ahmad Showghi (1868- 1932), known as Amir-al-shoara, is one of the most famous poets in contemporary Arabic Literature and has presented great works of poetry. He has emphatically paid great attention to domestic and notional issues as well as amendment and honor of Islam. The poet has tried creativity and novelty and taken advantage of Fable, i.e. telling the story by using animal and bird language. Using this technique, the poet depicts the real life of the people through using a special bird as the symbol of life in order to improve the didactic, social, and political aspects. Therefore, after introduction, we have tried to symbolically investigate those birds, such as pigeon, crow, and rooster, which are of importance in Showghi's poetry. Then, we have analyzed the stories of each bird from a didactic, social, and political aspect. The findings indicate that Showghi has used the aforementioned birds in different symbolic aspects which are compatible with those of the literature and culture. From another point of view, Educating children, having wisdom, downgrading the treason, having magnanimity, ignoring the claims of colonizers on reforms, having national awareness as well as freedom and independence are the most important didactic, social, and political foregrounded aspects in Showghi's fables.

Takikestan is a part of great Khorasan. Khorasan was birth place of grate men of science and literature of Iran, such as Rodaki, Naser Khosro and Roomi, and now separate from the principal, despite of all the hardship they endure the contemporary centuries, people still organize poem, teaching classic poem style and also lyrics, this article has attempted to examine the contemporary poetry of Takikestan and overview of development of contemporary poem and poetry of this land considered.

Our analysis of Popper’s philosophy of science focuses on his concepts of tradition and situational analysis. These concepts represent innovative Popperian contributions to a historical and hermeneutical turn in philosophy of science that most of his critics, especially Kuhn, fail to recognize. According to his historical view, Popper conceives sciences as a complex of traditions in continuous transformation and progress by means of rational discussion of theories. In order to grasp the rational progress of scientific traditions, Popper proposes an original method that he calls “situational analysis”. This hermeneutical method seeks to understand the concepts, hypotheses, actions, practices, controversies and products that scientists made to solve problems in their specific historical contexts to improve the truth content of theories. In addition to his historical and hermeneutical turn, Popper also inquired about the social and political conditions for the progress of scientific traditions by means of intersubjective criticism of theories and conjectures. According to him, the rational discussion of ideas requires, as necessary conditions, plurality of ideas, intellectual humility, and freedom of thought and communication that can only exist in an open and democratic society. With these considerations, we may say that in addition to a historical and hermeneutical turn, Popper also contributed to a social and political turn in the philosophy of science

The article aims to introduce the poem “Ghazavat” (غزوات), a work by the Safavid scholar and poet Mirza Abu Taleb Fendereski. Notably, the work is an independent poem while all the sources in the Persian literary history have identified it as Takmale-ye Bazel-e Mashhadi’s Hamle-ye Heydari (تکمله حمله حیدری). The article explains reasons depicting that it is not a complementary work ((تکمله.

In this article, with the title of "city and poem" the author tried to present the place of city and related sciences of it in contemporary literature. The purpose of this writing is searching of some viewpoints of poets about city, structures, outputs and various revenues, because the poets like the other citizens have the right presenting of thinking and their belief about the living in the city and their settlements. Therefore, it was tried, for the basis of descriptive and analytical method, to do the composed consultation from literature and urban planning in different titles such as "city, social ecology and poets", "city, architecture and poets", "city, migration and poets" and etc. The writter is hopeful that city makers, architectures, city planners and all experts in city fields to investigate deeply in belief and thought of this group of citizens in architectural style, management and planning. The writer is also hopeful that they respect to the wishes and needs of this group of citizens whom they are the expressive language of other citizens.